New words and expressions
spot
a big red spot 斑点
a spot on one’s reputation 污点
A leopard won’t change its spots. 本性难移
spot of sth 有一点
a spot of bother 有点小麻烦
You seem to be having a spot of bother with your car, can I help?
a scenic spot 旅游景点
A great many of scenic spots are being spoilt by the ill-behaved tourists.
spoil spoiled spoilt 破坏
ill-behaved 品行不端的
The Middle East is a hot spot. 热点地区
on the spot 在现场 到现场
Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
看过的再写，听过的再说
Ten minutes after calling 911, a police car arrived on the spot.
Dr. Marcy and Dr. Butler also spotted the first “family” of three planets. 发现
Chick Webb spotted her in an amateur competition when she was sixteen. 发现 看到
He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight. 发现
see / find / observe
recognize sb. as … 认出某人是某某某
In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer.
figure 模糊的人影
identify 识别身份
ID card > identity card
UFO > unidentified flying object
evidence
n. 证据 不可数
a piece of evidence
evident 清晰的
self-evident 不言自明的
All truth passes through three stages. First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed. Third, it is accepted as being self-evident.
— Arthur Schopenhauer
ridicule 嘲笑
be violently opposed 被激烈反对
Declaration of Independence
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
― Thomas Jefferson
declaration
endow 天生具有
unalienable 不可剥夺的
court
go to court 打官司
go to the court (去法庭，未必打官司)
settle sth. out of court 私了
accuse sb. of (doing) sth.
I accused him of stealing my sheep. 气愤地指责/指控
charge sb. with (doing) sth. 同义 气愤地指责/指控
I charged him with stealing my sheep.
judge 法官
jury 陪审团
testimony 证言证词
witness 目击者 （注意发音 t 憋住不发出来）
loaf on the job
磨洋工
accumulate
v. 积累，积聚
accumulate knowledge / possessions
I accumulated a large vocabulary.
amass 比 accumulate 还正式些 含义相同
amass a fortune
People tend to amass possessions.
pile up
Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind.
从不同的地方收集相似的东西
collect collect stamps
gather gather crops
hoard 囤积 略带贬义色彩
Shenzhen real estate developers hoard large amounts of land.
a large（great,good）amount of ＋不可数名词,谓语动词一般用单数；
但（huge,great,good）amounts of ＋ 不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词要用复数
oblige
obligation 责任 义务
be / feel obliged to do （处于责任义务）感到必须做某事
Dear Mr. Wang,
Thank you very much for having offered me such a golden opportunity to work as an editor for Designs & Fashions, a best-selling magazine renowned for its extraordinary quality and taste. I was thrilled by the news and have tried my utmost, but after two months’ work I feel obliged to resign, which is truly a tough decision for me.
renowned 享有声誉的
try my utmost utmost adj 最远的；极度的/ n 最大可能；极限
be / feel compelled to do 外部压力不得不做某事
President Nixon felt compelled to resign.
be / feel impelled to do 迫于内心的压力（比如良知责任）不得不做某事
He felt impelled to point out that they were making a dangerous mistake.
human being
可数 a human being / human beings
man 表示人类 不可数
mankind 书面语 不可数
humankind 书面语 不可数
human race 文学 不可数
humanity 表示人类、人性 不可数 humanities 表示人文学科
a crime against humanity 反人类罪 （注意发音）
alien being 外星人
intelligent being 智慧生物
To be, or not to be: that is the question. — Hamlet
I think therefore I am. — René Descartes
corner
使走投无路，使陷入困境
Don’t corner me! 别逼我！
A cornered beast will do something desperate. 穷寇莫追/狗急跳墙
on / in / at / around the corner
上方/里面/拐角 路口拐角/本意指在角落附近，多用于表示某个重要的时间快到了
My birthday is just around the corner.
convince
convince sb. of sth. 使……信服 (be convinced of)
He failed to convince the jury of his innocence.
cure sb. of sth. 治愈疾病
The doctor cured him of his lung cancer.
inform sb. of sth. 通知 sb. sth.
My ex-wife informed me of her marriage
remind sb. of sth. 使 sb. 回忆起 sth.
You remind me of one of my classmates.
rob sb. of sth. 抢劫 sb. 的 sth.
The robber robbed me of my wallet.
deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺 sb 的什么权力
Some criminals were deprived of political rights.
assure sb. of sth. 使某人对某事放心
The dealer assured me of its quality.
somehow
不知怎么搞地
And I couldn’t remember what it felt like when I could not walk down the street without holding her hand.
I mean she was the same woman I fell in love with, she hadn’t changed. But somehow everything’s different. We’ve lost something along the way.
somewhat 有一些
He was somewhat hungry.
He was somewhat embarrassed.
somewhere 某个地方
I’ve lost my wallet somewhere around here.
disturb
v. 打扰，令人不安
Do not disturb.
I hope I’m not disturbing you.
Sorry to disturb you, but …
Sorry to disturb you, but I really need your help.
Text
at large
在逃的，未被捕获的
a puma (which was)at large
关系代词 which 做主语，其后紧跟 be 动词，可以省略
Pumas are large, cat-like animals found in America (正确)
a prisoner / suspect at large
suspect 注意动词念 /ə/ 名词念 /ʌ/
The disease is still at large.
cat-like
bear-like animals
lady-like behavior
child-like simplicity
an angel-like girl
crystal-like eyes
flu-like symptoms
As is shown in the picture, there is a cobweb-like structure with separate compartments packed in it.
Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. (CET-4)
be found in …
产于 存在于某处
Many plant and animal species are found only in the rainforests. 翻译为产于，不要翻成发现于某处，时态不正确
Vitamin C is found in citrus fruit.
造句
Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
造句: 大熊猫 (giant panda) 是一种大型的，类似于熊的动物，产于中国四川省。
Giant pandas are large, bear-like animals which are found in Sichuan province, China.
reports came into …
He came into the classroom.
However, a new type of humor, which stems largely from the US, has recently come into fashion.
The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it.
无灵主语 / 物称主语 (inanimate subject)
都用人做主语，会导致句子结构单一
I thought of a good idea.
A good idea came into my mind.
A good idea flashed into my mind.
He went to the town on business
Business took him to the town.
A warm and sunny Sunday found my whole family going for an outing at the beach.
同位语从句和定于从句的区别
定义
形式
例句
同位语从句
解释前面名词的具体内容
同位语从句中的“that”仅起到连接符号的作用，不充当语法成分；
The proposal that John should be dismissed is unacceptable.
定语从句
起到后置定语的作用， 常译为“……的”
而定语从 句中的“that”是关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
The proposal that John put forward is unacceptable.
句式平衡
孔雀型 头小尾巴长
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
― Thomas Jefferson
同义词替换
写作中除非写排比句，否则减少重复
had been seen / found / observed …
in / on / to the south of …
Shanghai is in the south of China. 在内部
Vietnam is on the south of China. 在外面且挨着
Indonesia is to the south of China. 在外面且隔着一些距离
100 kilometers south of Xi’an 只有 to 可以省略
take … seriously
take … seriously 重视
take … lightly 轻视
造句
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
造句：当消息 (news) 传到了国家博物馆 (the national museum)，说是在西安以南 100 公里 处发现了一座古墓 (an ancient tomb) 的时候，这则消息(不可数)受到了重视。
When news came into the national museum that an acient tomb had been found 100 kilometers south of Xi’an, it was taken sericously.
investigate
调查
investigate the market
investigate the case
the FBI: the Federal Bureau of Investigation
引导原因状语从句
because 表示强烈的因果，回答 why ，语气强烈
since / as 语气略弱 位置随意
for / in that 补充说明，一般不放句首
now (that) 跟现在时，不可以用过去时，位置随意
Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty.
非谓语动词作后置定语修饰中心名词
… descriptions given by people …
非谓语动词 doing / done / to to
make descriptions
descriptions made by people
The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw a large cat only five yards away from her.
John had a very good day and put his wallet containing ₤3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping.
For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass.
novels written by Lu Xun
movies directed by Zhang Yimou
The man leaning against the wall named George is my brother
claim to have done …
动词不定式的完成时，在声称前先发生了看到美洲狮的动作
claim to do …
So far, no organization has claimed to be responsible for the accident.
Everyone went to the funeral, for the ‘ghost’ was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man.
When I was a boy, my grandfather told me how a German taxi driver, Franz Bussman, found a brother who was thought to have been killed twenty years before.
extraordinarily
多音节副词 重音后移
primarily
absolutely
necessarily
temporarily
were extraordinarily similar
were particularly alike
had a lot in common
had considerable commonalities 正式 相当多地共同之处
—well, I saw the ad on the back of the bus stop today. And, uh… though it was not exactly like looking in the mirror, you can’t deny that there is a certain commonality in our visages.
—I guess we do look a little bit alike.
造句
However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
造句: 随着病例 (case) 开始慢慢增多, 医学专家们 (specialist) 觉得必须要调查了,因为得了这种病的人的症状 (symptom) 特别地相似。
As the cases began to accumulate, specialists felt obliged to investigate, for the symptoms of people who had caught the disease were extraordinarily similar.
hunt for …
搜寻 打猎
I’m hunting for a job now.
The hunt for a job will begin tomorrow.
关于“的”
the winter in America
the entrance to the parking lot
a witness to the accident
a longing for love
the reason for the disaster
only
just …
merely …
no more than … 只有
confirm
证实说
President Hu Jintao confirmed that he would visit the United States next month.
prove (to be) + adj. / n.
被证明是……
His injury proved (to be) fatal.
The operation proved (to be) a success.
turn out to be + adj. / n. 原来是……
When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
疑问词 + ever (whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whatever …)
1.表示“无论……” 引导让步状语从句。
= no matter + 疑问词
No matter where it went, …
No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin’s early films.
2.表示 “到底……” 用于疑问句中。
‘Whatever are you doing up here Bill?’ asked the vicar in surprise.
Wherever did you go yesterday?
When ever am I going to see you again? 可以分开
When will you ever learn? 你什么时候才能学会？
等价于 Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?
a trail of
Wherever he went, he left a trail of … behind him.
Wherever he went, he left a trail of unpaid bills behind him.
Wherever he went, he left a trail of broken hearts behind him.
造句
人们对下岗工人的生活状况越来越关注了。
People have paid more and more attention to the condition of the laid-off workers.
Increasing attention has been paid to the condition of the laid-off workers.
重点突出 主次分明 简洁明了
fur
a fur coat
fur and feather 飞禽走兽 （借代修辞 用特征来指代拥有特征的东西）
fin, fur and feather 各种动物 （头韵）
The crown should not yield to the cross. 王权不应屈服于神权
巾帼不让须眉
过尽千帆皆不是 斜晖脉脉水悠悠
关于说
complain of / about sth. 抱怨说
claim 声称说
confirm 证实说
Then I added with a smile, ‘It’s a strange mixture I make myself.’… 微笑着补充说
as one of them put it ‘ate like kings’. 措辞说
The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands … 申明说
在 … 途中
on a business trip 在出差途中
on a honeymoon trip 在度蜜月的途中
on a journey 在旅途中
on a voyage 在航行途中
on an expedition 远征/考察/探险等有目的的途中
on a tour 周游途中
都是用 on 哦
President Xi Jinping is on a five-nation tour.
be convinced that …
完全相信
convince sb. of sth.
… that 引导的从句不用在介词后面，所以这里去掉了 of
例外的情况：
in that…
except / but that …
After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb.
介词后面要跟宾语，该句中的 out 是副词（find it out），不是介词
印刷字体变化 斜体/大写
重（四声）读 就行
He was a WOMAN!
must have done
对过去发生的事的肯定的推测
You must have been ill yesterday. You looked so pale.
must do
推测说话时正在发生的事
She knew that it must be the baker.
may / might have done 可能是 …
can not / could not have done 不可能是 …
You can’t have been ill yesterday. I saw you going shopping with your wife.
The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.
should / ought to have done
should not / ought not to have done
You should have finished your work yesterday.
I shouldn’t have shouted at you yesterday.
the other day 那天 过去的那天 固定习语
I’ m sorry. I shouldn’t have shout at you the other day.
in the possession of sb. / in one’s possession
归某人所有
sb. be in possession of sth. 某人拥有某物
The book is in my possession.
The book is in the possession of Sam
I’m in possession of the book.
in the charge of sb. / in one’s charge
in charge of …
The bookstore is in my charge .
The bookstore is in the charge of Mr Li
I’m in charge of the bookstore.
manage to do
设法完成了某事
Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.
fail to do 没能完成某事
When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written.
It is … to think that …
一想到某事，就 …
It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
It is worrying to think that …
It is exciting to think that …
It is comforting to think that …
It is amusing to think that …
It is irritating to think that …